Different Factors That Influence People Toward Criminal...

The Unites States has the largest prison population in the world, and it is still growing. Calculated in both raw numbers and by percentage of the population, the United States has the most prisoners of any developed country in the world (Flatow, 2014). It is said that more than 1.57 million inmates sat behind bars in federal, state, and country prisons and jails around the country as of December 31, 2013. It did not start out this way. Up until the 1950’s the functions, components, and actions of carrying out criminal sanctions regularly used the term penal, and penal institutions (prisons) and penal systems (organizations to carry out punishment) emphasized the principal function of implementing punishment in the handling of criminal†¦show more content†¦First was the shift from wergild, or a type of vigilante law, where a victim of wrongdoing (or their family) carries out revenge or retaliation under the assumption that an offender has to pay for their crime (Oâ₠¬â„¢Connor, 2012). Next was the development of lex talionis, which means â€Å"an eye for an eye,† but this actually refers to the switchover in time when the governments got into the THE HISTORY OF CRIME AND CORRECTIONS 3 retaliation business, instead of the families or private individuals (O’Connor, 2012). At first, the â€Å"eye for an eye† was only applied to slaves and people of the lower classes, but eventually it became the dominant form of justice, and still occurs today, to an extent. The second theme was the shift from physical punishment to psychological punishment across the early historical period. This shift evolved from the religious doctrine. In the eighteenth century, during the Age of Enlightenment, an even greater recognition of human dignity came around (O’Connor, 2012). The end result was that prisoners were tortured less (and put to death less), but forced to suffer longer, more psychologically tormenting, stays of imprisonment (O’Connor, 2012). Corporal punishment was very popular in the non-Western nations, although the Western world is no stranger to punishments involving torture, beatings, and execution eit her. Corporal punishment definitely predates the prison system and anything that could compare to one.

Personal Statement On Values And Morals - 927 Words

Values and morals are an integral part of life; values define who we are on a personal and professional level. My personal and professional values are similar but are used differently on a personal and professional level. In this code of ethics I have identified my core values as respect, honesty, loyalty, integrity, professionalism, and responsibility. Developing a code of ethics has provided me with an opportunity to reflect on my values and evaluate how I turn those values into action. Personal Values In my personal life I value, respect, honesty and loyalty to the highest regard. In the past my morals and values were tested, but never compromised. By creating a code of ethics it has reinforced my values and generated a guideline for upholding them. Respect Respect is holding something or someone in high regard. Respect has an impact on all aspects of my life, both personally and professionally. As a personal value, respect is twofold; I must respect everyone around me as well as respecting myself. I will demonstrate respect for others by treating everyone equally and without judgement. I will listen and be considerate of the opinions and values of others, regardless of conflicting opinions. I will respect myself by dressing modestly and not objectifying myself as a woman. I will not engage in any unethical behaviour that may compromise my personal morals and values. Honesty Honesty is the quality of being truthful and honest. Honesty is essential to developingShow MoreRelatedAyer s Philosophical View : Emotivism Vs. Subjectivism1026 Words   |  5 Pagesthe â€Å"ethical† statements that are put out by Emotivism cannot be empirically tested and also because the intent behind making Emotive philosophical statements is to influence the thoughts or behaviors or one’s audience rather than just giving facts. 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Information Security and Governance for Deorham Corporation

Question: Describe about the Report of Information Security and Governance for Deorham Corporation. Answer: Introduction The report highlights the aspects of IT security, governance and ethics in information management for SMEs. The SME chosen for this assessment is named as Deorham Corporation, the management perceives security is often a human issue. The human aspects of information security and governance issues are briefly assessed and discussions provided. It is also important to note that SMEs are dependent on information and make use of information systems extensively in their business operations to sustain in the competition. SMEs view security outsourcing as an option to protect their information assets and standardize IT security and governance aspects within their organization. Due to these reasons, the management of Deorham desires to outsource their information security to lower costs, but at the same time, the management wishes to understand the security issues involved in outsourcing. SME Security Security for SMEs is highly essential because they invest heavily in IT to achieve objectives in a connected world. SMEs make use of online systems and internet technologies to cater to their customers and partners online. In this scenario, the IT systems of SMEs are vulnerable to attacks from external sources on the internet. An example of IT security risk is shown in figure 1. Figure 1: Illustration of potential threat to a company from the internet (Susanto et al. 2011) SMEs in their business operations are more reliant on data and privacy. This scenario creates the need for SMEs have the need for more robust security measures provided by IT governance in order to effectively ensure their IT investments are aligned correctly with their business objectives. IT Governance (ITG) refers to IT leadership and management of information systems by applying international standards. Some global standards in governance include, ITIL, COBIT, CMMI, and so on. These standards provide industry best practices for IT security, ethics and governance processes that can be tailor made to any organization to protect information. ITG is viewed as establishing IT strategically with business in order for SMEs to achieve maximum business value, provide effective controls within the organization, accountability, and manage performance and risks. At the same time, establishing ITG requires significant amount of resources and expertise within the SME (Susanto et al. 2012). Human Aspects of Security Deorham decides that security is highly essential in ensuring IT governance, risk management, and compliance but initially, would like to assess the human aspects of security. Usually, threats are increasingly attributed to employee behavior and hence, there is a need for information security practices implementation and its adherence by all employees. The need for implementing robust security and governance in IT is to protect data from threats such as information leak, email phishing attacks, increased use of personal devices in business transactions and other IT misuses. Good security practices are also necessary for Deorham to cultivate and reinforce a culture of security in the organization and to avoid internal misuse, along with protection from external threats (Dojkovski et al. 2010). In spite of the growing need for security, Deorham faces problems in managing security effectively. Security issues are mostly related to inadequate employee skills related to information security, budget constraints, and non-availability of adequate resources for information security (Symantec, 2009). In addition to this, close links between the national culture and SMEs is viewed as another factor which influences individual ethical decision making (Dojkovski et al. 2010) in Deorham. The characteristics found in Deorham includes, The organizational culture of Deorham is more informal in nature, which is typical of many SMEs. Deorham due to its SME nature have employees responsible for more than one role. In such a situation, a formal communication procedure is not found effective by employees. The risk of information leak, system vulnerabilities due to shared passwords is an issue. Staffs in Deorham are more responsive, as their SME culture allows staffs to change plans and procedures while executing business processes and operations. This lets managers and staffs to make quick decisions to meet demands in their environment (Gupta and Hammond, 2005). This creates a need for a structured ITG framework which is adaptive to changing demands. The company is more flexible. New ideas and changes are quite rapid in Deorham for future actions, including changed roles for staff. In this situation, if the changes are not well documented, this can cause IT security risks (DArcy and Greeny, 2009). Here IT administrators face the challenge of repeatedly changing passwords, access levels in usage areas in databases. Deorham relies on particular individuals with high levels of expertise and skills in carrying out a particular function, a usual practice in SMEs (Sharifi, 2010). SMEs face human issues such as personality clashes which can result in damage for the firm. Deorham being a small environment, where if things could go wrong, there are very few options to solve the problem. Training is a major challenge faced by SMEs, the staffs must also be trained on information security and governance aspects. SMEs encourage people to pick new skills and apply them in business areas for new initiatives. This encourages staffs to develop an attitude to develop new initiatives as beneficial for Deorham. At the same time, some staffs in SMEs demonstrate inadequate skills and knowledge, which forces skilled personnel to combine their expertise in more areas. This leads to SMEs seeking more generalist individuals than specialists. Deorham must take adequate care to isolate IS security aspects from getting overlapped with building staff proficiency in business transactions. The cost for SMEs incurred in employing and supporting staff members is high because staffs are required to pick more than one skill. Therefore, in Deorham this can lead to increased costs of software license, hardware, and other essential tools. In order to have an established ITG for Deorham, the ISO introduced ISO/IEC 38500 standards based on Australian AS 8015 standard (Ramin Communications, 2016) with a focus on public and private organizations including SME. These standards provide necessary guidance to ensure ITG along with fulfilling ethical obligations. For instance, ISO/IEC 18500 emphasizes on responsibility for individuals and groups to understand their role in ITG, security, and ethics. The standard also supports the management to implement policies related to human behavior (Sharifi, 2010) and make decisions as appropriate to overcome challenges in Deorhams IT systems. Deorham can also consider adopting a reference framework such as COBIT or ITIL in overcoming their security issues in IS (Olaitan and Flowerday, 2016). For example, the COBIT standard provides control objectives to ensure appropriate enterprise information using IT resources and processes to respond effectively in fulfilling business requirements, illustrated in figure 2. Figure 2: An illustration of COBIT standard[1] The management of Deorham must ensure IT will govern three main tasks that include, Evaluating the current and future use of IT Aligning IT plans and procedures with business plans and objectives Conformance to procedures/plans and monitoring performance versus plans In this manner, human aspects related to IT security and governance issues can be eliminated in Deorham. Security outsourcing assessment SME can have a significant impact on business success provided by IT investments and decision-making processes. When IT investments are planned properly, the advantageous of implementing an ITG model can enhance competitive advantage and can decrease IT failures (Wessels and Loggernberg, 2006). In view of these views on outsourcing IT security for Deorham, the management considers involving external parties to provide the much-needed ITG framework and to establish security and compliance standards. Outsourcing of IT security refers to an external organization will assume continuous responsibility for provisioning of ITG, security, compliance and risk management for Deorham under a mutually agreed contracting named service level agreement (SLA). Deorham wishes to outsource their IT security and governance to reduce costs and to focus on core business activities and initiatives (Bachlechner et al. 2014). In recent years more selective models of outsourcing such as cloud computing models offer aspects such as security, compliance to ISO standards and ITG (Martens et al. 2011). Cloud is being increasingly adopted by many organizations and Deorham in their quest to outsource IT can consider adopting a cloud model which provides IT services along with security and ITG compliance in accordance with the SLAs given by the cloud service provider. However, it is important to note that there are many factors to consider in outsourcing IT security and deploying ITG mechanisms. Deorham due to its limited resources and budgets must ensure IT applications align correctly with business objectives in order to have cost-effective and efficient security governance standards while choosing an outsourcing provider. Deorham to implement an ITG framework must understand that their owner-manager and employees holding key positions are influenced by external links to some extent (Bergeron et al. 2015). This assumption must also be looked into while assessing ITG, ethics, security and outsourcing. At a conceptual level, the ITG framework for realizing IT value in the context of SMEs is illustrated in figure 3. Figure 3: A framework for ITG mechanisms for SME (Bergeron et al. 2015) There are six major security and governance challenges (Thalmann et al. 2012) quite likely to be faced by Deorham while considering outsourcing. These challenges include, Difficulties in security and compliance requirements: This issue is quite possible when IT security is outsourced to one vendor which sub-contracts with other vendors for this aspect. This is true in the case of the public Deorham in order to overcome this challenge must choose to audit the outsourced vendor to ensure all pre-requisites are met in terms of compliance and security. In this way, more control is ascertained. Issues of heterogeneity in IT services. Currently, no standard interface for IT services is available. Hence, this can lead to problems for Deorham while integrating their internal IT services with security and compliance with an external vendor. This can have a negative impact on IT security. Problems of coordination with outsourced parties. Here, if the outsourced vendor has difficulties to cope with rapidly changing security and compliance requirements with Deorham. Problems in managing relationships. SLAs are the keys to documenting agreements between Deorham and outsourced vendor. However, if the outsourced vendor will subcontract some service with another vendor this can cause issues for Deorham in monitoring security and compliance with the outsourced vendor. Issues of data ownership, data migration. The outsourcing vendor can have access to Deorham data and hence this aspect requires particular attention. Deorham must ensure that has full control of its data. The issue of security awareness. As discussed in the earlier section, people play a major role in SMEs and it becomes imperative for Deorham to ensure that security and compliance are adhered to seriously by all staff. In the case of outsourcing creating awareness on security is highly important and the management must ensure this aspect is taken care by training all staff. The above are some of the challenges explored in IT outsourcing. It can be found that in outsourcing, both technical and managerial aspects are involved. Deorham, in order to overcome them, can consider the following points: Improving the level of maturity within the firm in terms of technical and process related standards will help in overcoming issues of IT heterogeneity, data migrations, and in managing relationships (Kotlarsky et al. 2007). Sharing and disseminating knowledge can be considered by Deorham in the context of audits, coordinating with vendors and in overcoming heterogeneity issues. Detailing all aspects of security and compliance in contracting is highly crucial for successful ITG outsourcing. SLAs must have clear definitions on the role of involved parties (Joint et al. 2009). The aspect of data ownership must also be defined in SLAs (Karn, 2011). Managing relationships with the outsourced vendor (Ranganathan and Balaji, 2007) is important to improve security and compliance capabilities within Deorham. Human resources in Deorham must be management effectively as this aspect is clearly associated with coping with the lack of security awareness. Training is important to improve the capabilities of staff and to achieve security and compliance objectives (Levina and Ross, 2003). The most important aspect in outsourcing is Deorhams readiness and its extent to which it can engage with an outsourced vendor and establish realistic objectives in its security, compliance, and governance. The internal costs and resources must be evaluated thoroughly prior to engaging an external outsourcing vendor (Iacovou and Nakatsu, 2008). Deorham must also consider tools such as governance, risk management and compliance (GRC). GRC tool is software with capabilities to establish appropriate levels of security and compliance standards within the firm based on requirements. This tool can also help in providing an integrated organization-wide approach to align business with technology (Racz et al. 2011). Therefore, Deorham, in order to have a successful outsourcing must look into all these aspects, discussed above. Conclusions The report provides an assessment of security and compliance for SMEs, especially for Deorham Corporation. The recent increase in IT threats has created the need for effective security, compliance and IT governance. Most of IT misuses are associated with human behavior, and the main characteristics of staff behavior in relation to IT security, risk and governance are discussed and illustration provided. It is highly essential for Deorham to reinforce and cultivate a culture of security and compliance in their organization to protect information assets. In addition to internal misuse, Deorham also has to manage external threats. The options for overcoming challenges due to employee behavior are also briefly summarized in the case of SMEs which is applicable for this chosen company. The principles and standards in ITG are also briefly explained for use by SMEs. The global standards are highlighted for their application in SMEs. The effect of outsourced governance, security and complian ce aspects is evaluated and suggestions provided for SMEs. In the case of Deorham Corporation, the major security and compliance challenges in relation to outsourcing are highlighted and briefly explained. These challenges can be applied to SMEs in general. It can be noted that outsourcing entails involvement of two parties agreed on a common goal. Since security and compliance in IT is critical for business success for SMEs, the challenges in relation to Deorham while considering outsourcing are briefly explained. A conceptual framework for ITG deployment in SMEs is also provided as an example. Six major challenge areas in relation to IT security and governance are highlighted in the report. It is important to note that outsourcing involves both, business and technical challenges. The factors to overcome both these challenges along with management perspectives are also provided in the case of Deorham which can be applied for SMEs in general. References Bachlechner, D., Thalmann, S. and Maier, R. (2014) Security and compliance challenges in complex IT outsourcing arrangements: A multi-stakeholder perspective, Computers Security. 40, pp.38-40 Bergeron, F., Croteau, A.-M., Uwizeyemungu, S. and Raymond, L. (2015) IT Governance Theories and the Reality of SMEs: Bridging the Gap, 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE Computer Society. pp. 4547 DArcy, J., and Greene, G. (2009) The Multifaceted Nature of Security Culture and Its Influence on EndUser Behavior, Proceedings of IFIP TC 8 International Workshop on Information Systems Security Research, Cape Town, South Africa. Dojkovski, S., Lichetenstein, S. and Warren, M.J. (2010) Enabling Information Security Culture: Influences and Challenge for Australian SMEs, In 21st Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Brisbane, Australia, 2010. pp.1-4 Gupta, A. and Hammond, R. (2005) Information systems security issues and decisions for small businesses, Information Management Computer Security. 13 (4), pp 297-310. Iacovou, C.L. and Nakatsu, R. (2008) A risk profile of offshore-outsourced development projects, Communications of the ACM. 51(6), pp. 89-94 Joint, A., Baker, E., and Eccles E. (2009) Hey, you, get off of that cloud?, Computer Law and Security Review. 25(3), pp.270-274 Kotlarsky, J., Oshri, I., van Hillegersberg, J., and Kumar K. (2007) Globally distributed component-based software development: an exploratory study of knowledge management and work division, Journal of Information Technology. 22 (2), pp. 161-170 Karn B. (2011) Data security e the case against cloud computing, Canadian Privacy Law Review. 8 (6), pp.53-64 Levina, N., and Ross, J.W. (2003) From the vendors perspective: exploring the value proposition in information technology outsourcing, MIS Quarterly. 27 (3), pp. 331-340 Martens, B., Poeppelbuss, J., and Teuteberg, F. (2011) Understanding the cloud computing ecosystem: results from a quantitative content analysis, 10th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik. Zurich, Switzerland. Pp. 466-476 Olaitan, O. and Flowerday, S. (2016) Successful IT governance in SMEs: An application of the TechnologyOrganisation Environment theory, South African Journal of Information Management. 18 (1). https://dx.doi. org/10.4102/sajim.v18i1.696 Racz, N., Weippl, E., and Seufert, A. (2011) Governance, risk compliance (GRC) software: an exploratory study of software vendor and market research perspectives, 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Kauai, HI, USA: IEEE. Ramin Communications (2016). AS8015: Australian Standard for Corporate Governance of Information and Communication Technology. Information and Communication Technology Services. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ramin.com.au/itgovernance/as8015.html. [Last Accessed 6-Sep-2016]. Ranganathan, C., and Balaji, S. (2007) Critical capabilities for offshore outsourcing of IS, MIS Quarterly Executive. 6 (3), pp.147-154 Sharifi M. (2010) A proposed ITSM-Lite Framework for Small Medium Enterprise in Developing Countries, PHD Thesis, UTM Press, Malaysia. Susanto, H., Almunawar, M.N. and Tuan, Y.C. (2011). Information Security Management System Standards: A Comparative Study of the Big Five, International Journal of Electrical Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS. 11 (5), pp. 23 Symantec (2009) Symantec Survey Reveals more than Half of Small and Midsized Businesses in Australia and New Zealand Experience Security Breache. Computer World. Thalmann, S., Bachlechner, D., Demetz, L., and Maier, R. (2012) Challenges in cross-organizational security management, 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Grand Wailea, HI, USA. pp.5480-5488 Wessels, E. and Loggerenberg J. van, (2006). IT Governance: Theory and Practice. Proceedings of the Conference on Information Technology in Tertiary Education, South Africa, Septemer, 2006. pp.1-3

Native Essays - English Words, Profanity, Nigger,

Native Literature It is unfairly noted that Native Literature written by Natives offends many readers with its discussion of the first-hand social ills affecting fellow Natives. However, the typical stories of Euro-Canadian relations constructed outside the Aboriginal thought imprisons all Aboriginals into stereotypes which obscure and distort their very real experiences. The obligation of the Native artist is to remain grounded in cultural soil and ideals, which is determined by Euro-Canadian standards, while at the same time establishing a foundation of justice and truth within the context of their work. Ian Ross has addressed many of these social ills in his play fareWel. Using humor, characterization and personal experience Ross depicts reserve life from outside the Euro-Canadian perspective, as being hopeful despite the blatant despair and antagonism reserve life contains. The Partridge Crop Reserve in Manitoba is a fictional place where the fictional characters Melvin MacKay, Sheldon Traverse, Rachel Traverse, Phyllis Bruce, Teddy Sinclair, and Robert Traverse, become muses through which Ross uses to convey poignant information about the need for social reform for social ills. The representation of the treatment of Native women throughout history has been from a one-sided view. Either they were seen as unequal or as royalty, resulting in being branded as squaws or Indian Princess by the people who adhere to the Christian point of view. Ross seems to understand this falsehood and attempts to rectify it with the creation of the characters Phyllis Bruce and Rachel Traverse. They are both reserved based Native Women, who lived a hard and fast life, but respect the church, however they are neither squaws nor Indian Princesses. Phyllis is a single-parent who was beaten by her husband but attempts to use this experience to strengthen Rachel by saying, "You can hide in the roof here OK? That's where I used to hide so I didn't get beat up" (pg.66). There are few options for Native, uneducated, and single-parent women and Phyllis chooses to use her mind to fight the struggle which emphasizes the significant role woman as mothers and providers are forced to play. Also throughout the play Phyllis is constantly looking for a way to feed her kids while in the same thought explores how to feed a church full of people with "sardines" and "moldy bread" (pg.66). This highly illustrates that despite the obvious misfortune that Phyllis is entwined in she stills feels compelled to do her duty to her church, her friends, and herself. Phyllis is the symbol of strength for her enduring and overcoming. Rachel was created to emphasize the insurmountable difficulties that Native women face, first as being the Native woman, and second, for being unable to achieve economic or social value. She relays this message to the reader when she states, "...and when I left here I realized what I was...A woman. A Native woman. With no education. No money. No future." (pg. 68) In order to gain economic value she had to prostitute herself due to the lack of adequate means to legitimate opportunities. It is a horror that is greatly misinterpreted by her fellow Natives for instance, Teddy constantly refers to her as a "hooker" (pg. 58) or a "slut" (pg.59), which only proves that the spirit of a native woman can never be broken. In her desperate attempts to gain economic freedom she was unfairly judged and subsequently lost social status. Although Rachel yearns to leave the reserve it is her deep sense of hope that the reserve will overcome the turmoil that keeps her there. Her welfare check also keeps her in a constant reality check because without it she is forced to resort to being the "whore"(pg.59) It is Rachel and Phyllis that truly define the meaning of hope with their conquests for self betterment. The essence of this play is captured by its ability to add comic relief in its context through each characters unique disposition. But, it is Nigger with his abnormal actions, thoughts and appearance, which brings humor to the play the most efficiently. Our first experience with Nigger is when "Animush" (pg.22) attacks him leaving him with an open scar and torn jeans. The humor lies in the image of Nigger who is obviously in pain props "himself against the doorframe" (pg. 22) while being "hit in the head with a fishhead" (pg.22). The second entourage we witness is one of a drunken Nigger with his even drunker friend Teddy. As Nigger claims to need "medcin"(pg.27) his friend offers a drink instead of medicine for Niggers' toothache. Alcohol as a drink is not a form of

Turners Syndrome essays

Turners Syndrome essays Turner's Syndrome- (Webster's definition) A chromosomal disorder resulting in a syndrome characterized by specific dysmorphic features (short stature) and organ malformations (gonadal dysgenesis) Turner's Syndrome- (Anastasia and Rosebud's def.) "It's something that makes me different from other people. It's something that I'm proud of, and ya know what? I have a pretty normal life." When I was assigned this report, I decided to do a little more than the average person does. When I was doing all of the research, I wondered what it would be like to have TS. Well, through the wondrous powers of the Internet, I was able to take a peek at TS by talking to two young women who have it. What did they have to say? Suprizingly, they were extremely open and happy. These girls were full of life and weren't letting TS get to them. Anastasia is 11(from Cincinnati, Ohio), and Rosebud (screen name) is 24, from Minnesota. Anastasia was diagnosed when she was 4 months old. She commented, "It's really not that bad once you get use to it." As a young child, she always is picked on about her shortness. However, she wanted to make it quite clear that she was only picked on about her shortness, and not her TS. Anastasia is in the 6th grade, (Caucasian) and wants to become famous. She takes GH shots to help her growth and shouted to the chat room, "I have TS...and I'm proud of it!!" Rosebud is 24, Caucasian, and single. She was diagnosed when she was 11. She comments that, "I would have to say that I've had a pretty normal life." Rose bud was never teased as a child or as an adult. Children don't really know about TS, but her playmates never made fun of her. Rose also took GH shots when she was younger to help her with the TS, but she doesn't take them anymore Turner's Syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder of females (1:2500) characterized by short stature and the lack ...

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Renaissance/Ideas/Spread/Art and Artists essays Discuss how the Renaissance ideas are expressed in the Italian art of the period, referring to specific works and artists. The Renaissance was a rebirth or renewal of many of the classical ancient Greek and Roman beliefs. The Renaissance began in the city-states of Italy, the center of trade in Europe. Many wealthy merchants and bankers became patrons of the newly developing styles and ideals of Renaissance art. Many of the renewed classical Greek and Roman ideas such as Humanism, Individualism, Secularism, and Realism were expressed through the Italian art and the artists interests and influences of the period. The dominant intellectual movement of the Renaissance was humanism, a philosophy based on the idea that people are rational beings. It emphasized the focus on the individual, his potential and his achievements, an emphasis that was central to Renaissance developments in many areas. Humanism originated in the study of the ancient Greek and Roman classics, which soon led to a new-found interest in learning, and the promotion of a new educational curriculum that emphasized the humanities. Michelangelo (1475-1564) , Italian painter, sculptor, architect, and poet was a humanist and was brave enough to follow ancient Greek and Roman beliefs of showing the human body in its purest, most natural form-nude. A technique first used by Donatello since ancient Greek and Romans. Donatello was the first Renaissance artist to sculpt a nude statue. Donatellos sculpture David was of a man with a very feminine, not at all muscular body. Contrast to Donatellos interpretation of David, Michelangelo al so sculpted a David with a very muscular and well-proportioned body. One of Michelangelos best known creations is the sculpture David (1501-1504) . This 17 foot tall marble statue shows an alert David waiting for his enemy Goliath. You can see Michelangelos detail in Davids features ...

Geography of the Palestine-Israel Conflict and the USA Essay - 8

Geography of the Palestine-Israel Conflict and the USA - Essay Example This lobby and its activities should be blamed for urging America to get into a war with Iraq. There are many people in the US government who are assigned by the lobby to steer the US policies into serving Israeli interests. There are also many organizations working in the US which collect money from the US to send it to Israel. In contrast to Smith’s assertion that there are US officials working for Israel in reality, Mearsheimer and Walt argue that Israel is a close friend of the US and the US will always come to Israel’s aid when required. This does not mean in any way that every US official who supports Israel is also necessarily a part of the lobby or working for it. America is not concerned with the activities or interests of the lobby. Anyone who works to preserve America’s relationship with Israel should not be considered a member of the lobby. Frankel (2006) agrees with Smith’s viewpoint that the perceived power of the Israeli lobby in the US is just too much which is why more economic aid is received by Israel from the US than any other nation in the world. This is not only because Israeli power, rather it is the way the lobby’s power is perceived that the US gives Israel more foreign aid every year than it does to any other

Evaluate a classic study in psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluate a classic study in psychology - Essay Example Classic studies have been conducted to reveal the reason for the variations in accuracy of numerical detail regarding an event, particularly if it is tragic in nature like an accident. Interestingly, the variations observed in the different accounts seem to be dependent on some factors which influence the narrators’ judgment. In this study, one of such factors has been discussed to demonstrate the extent of influence by variables on the recalling of details resulting in reconstruction. According to Gruber and Goschke (2004), human cognition processes incorporating language and memory are complex behavioural and functional processes. In the findings, the authors reported that the human working memory can be divided into two systems distinguished from each other by their neuro-anatomical organization as well as by their evolutionary origin. In this work, it is admissible that the biology of the brain is behind the apparent disconnection between the language and memory of an event. The fact that there exists some division of the brain memory system, as occasioned by the anatomy and evolutionary functionality of the systems acts as a pointer that the human brain is prone to functional disjunctions. Reported details of an incident are therefore subject to the efficiency of the two systems of brain functionality, which evidently have some disconnection. To support this argument, Gruber and Goschke postulated that the two systems relied on different networks; one that su pports and mediates attention while the other mediates language functions. It has been found out that the control of these two systems is done from different centres; one prefrontal parietal and temporal systems dealing with behaviour while the other is controlled by the left hemisphere premotor and parietal region and largely directs language. Language

There Is a Fine Line Between Reality and Illusion Essay Example for Free

There Is a Fine Line Between Reality and Illusion Essay How can we distinguish between reality and illusion? Is reality an illusion, or is an illusion simply reality? Albert Einstein once stated that ‘reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one’. The statement suggests that what we interpret to be real may well be an illusion and this is evidenced mainly through dreams and aspirations. For example if someone has dreamt of one day being a doctor their reality, which is described as the state of things that actually exist, shifts or changes in order for that idea to become real. Reality is tangible while illusion is a faculty or activity of imagination. What may be reality for one person may be an illusion for another and this is clearly evidenced through many situations that we as individuals face. What is real is often clouded by the concept of illusion for example the idea of what is glamorous, the difference between what is beautiful and what is real is distort by the media and its false interpretations. However it is not only the media that can distort reality from illusion, the virtual world of computer games and Internet socializing has revolutionized the Nintendo 64 and the plain old phone call. We are now able to find solace inside the world of an Avatar or pet puppy that our parents never let us bring home, and instead of having real friends we can have as many as one thousand without even meeting them. Our emotions and mental state also contribute to the way in which we interpret our reality; it has proven to be a major impact of how we see things and importantly how we react to it. The reality of today is what Einstein most famously predicted, that we as individuals sometimes find it difficult to interpret the real world from illusion. It may often occur that an individual chooses to disregard what is real and accepts their illusions. This can be portrayed when we are faced with a really dismal time in our lives and in order to cope we convince ourselves that one-day it will change, as T. S Elliot suggested ‘humankind cannot bear too much reality’. Blanche DuBois from ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ has a similar reaction to her reality. Her reality is that she has lost the love of her life to suicide, no longer remains a teacher and does not own any assets as she has lost the property known as Belle Reve. In order to endure her life Blanche rejects her reality and manipulates it with lies, makeup and lighting in order to hide from the truth. ‘I don’t want realism I want magic’, Blanche desires for a life of pure happiness and excitement, however her imagination is indistinguishable from her reality and the series of lies and dimmed lights soon begin to fade as she is met with Stanley Kowalski. Stanley Kowalski, a brutish and arrogant realist finds it difficult to understand Blanche’s reality. Unlike Blanche, Stanley needs reassurance that what he knows is perfectly real and reliable. In the play the two characters continuously disagree with each other and eventually Stanley’s animalistic behavior threatens Blanche’s safety. Blanche and Stanley are a great example of how one individual’s reality is different to another’s, these conflicting ideas and perceptions of life occur often between people and have been proven to cause disagreement. People around us have great influence of how we perceive things although there are other major influences that contribute to our perceptions for instance the media. The media has brought forward many deceiving images of models and famous Hollywood stars. These images of super skinny models with perfectly shaped bodies and teeth are portrayed to convince the audience that what we see is not only real, but also normal. We are lead to believe that if we wear special stockings that our fat will magically disappear, but who said that fat was ever ugly? No one just decided one day that a little cellulite was atrocious; it is the media that guides and influences our perception over what is socially acceptable. The Hollywood stars of today seem almost out of this world if you like, for example Lindsay Lohan who appears to have a ‘perfect’ and glamorous life is forced to steal a necklace, so how perfect is her life? Each time a magazine reports Charley Sean drunk and causing a public nuisance the world is captivated by his actions. Why is it that we find other peoples realities so fascinating? And why is it that we enjoy the escapism of entering the life of another? The twenty-first century has allowed Internet gaming to create fictional characters such as an Avatar to represent the virtual life of an individual gamer. Amy Taylor, 28, whose online avatar alter ego is named Laura Skye, divorced her husband because of his betrayal to her in the online game known as Second Life. She claims ‘it may have started online, but it existed entirely in the real world and it hurts just as much’, the online virtual world of gaming caused such an influence over Amy Taylor and her husband’s life that real life and the game were clouded. Reality and illusion in this case seems bewildered. Our emotions are a major influence over the way we interpret life, when one is in a state of depression, your reality is surrounded by negative energy and therefore it is influenced by our state of mind at that present time. In my personal experience I have witnessed the life of depression through a family member and often their reality is surrounded by the boundaries of fear and anxiety, and nothing can develop beyond those walls, happiness seems a mile away. Similarly Stella Kowalski’s love for Stanley has a major influence over her life and what she perceives to be real. It appears that she is blinded by their lustful relationship and can see no faults in his brutish behavior. Stella undoubtedly chooses Stanley’s reality over Blanche’s and this is evidenced in the ending scene of the play where she allows her sister to be taken away even after the suspicion of Stanley abusing her. Behavior like this is also conveyed in everyday situations where woman who have been viciously abused and beaten remain with their partners because of fear that they will be alone. Stella finds Stanley to be a safe haven; she ran away from her life in the South to a life in a one-bedroom apartment in New Orleans and despite the diversity between the different lifestyles, she much prefers her life with Stanley. It is clear that her love for Stanley is great, and that regardless of his behavior she finds solace within his presence. The difference between reality and illusion can sometimes be unclear due to factors such as the media, our emotions and also our state of mind. Reality is not a fixed idea and in the end is controlled by the individual; there are aspects that manipulate reality however it is solely in the individuals view to separate the conflicting worlds of reality and illusion.

Smiths Outlook on Life in Sillitoes The Loneliness of the Long Distan

There are two basic facts in Smith’s life: one, that he’s in a war with the â€Å"In-laws,† and two, that he’s going to fight it until the day he dies, or die fighting. From Smith’s perspective, there is an impassable line between him and the In-laws, who are out to get him, and his best method of success is beating them down. In taking revenge on the governor of Borstal, Smith thinks he has succeeded. What Smith doesn’t realize is that he, not the governor, truly loses when he loses the race. Smith needs to revise his world view to realize that there is a better way of getting what he wants, and the revenge he seeks is only a sign of his weakness and unhappiness with his own life. By focusing his energy on getting revenge, Smith compromises his opportunities and ability to succeed. Ultimately, his actions are a loss for Smith more than for the people he is fighting. Smith sees the authority figures around him as a threat to his happiness. To Smith, the cops and the governor of Borstal block his success. This is such a strong reality for him that the idea of them being on his side is impossible: â€Å"If only ‘them’ and ‘us’ had the same ideas we’d get [along]†¦but they don’t see eye to eye with us and we don’t see eye to eye with them, so that’s how it stands and how it will always stand† (7-8). The â€Å"them† he refers to are people like the governor of Borstal and the cops, the â€Å"In-law blokes† who, according to him, are â€Å"all on the watch for Out-law blokes like [Smith]†¦waiting to ‘phone for the coppers as soon as [he makes] a false move† (10). Furthermore, his strongest truth is that he is alone: â€Å"I knew what the loneliness of the long-distance runner running across country felt like, realizing that as far as I was concerned this feeling was... ...ke Smith, they become ever more revengeful towards those who end up punishing them for not being something they have no real incentive to be. Ultimately, criminals such as Smith end up wasting society’s resources (cops’ time and citizens’ money), wasting their own energy which could be better used to make them economically productive and contributing members of society, and making society less safe by reducing the mutual trust of society’s members due to thefts. The society does not seem to have a good way of dealing with criminals—Smith is not rectified in any manner by Borstal, and merely punished. Perhaps society needs to focus on increasing financial opportunities for the poor rather than trying to change values that are really an outcome of the society in which they grow up. The core problem is the society; once that is fixed, values will change automatically.

Gender Norms & Racial Bias in the Study of the Modern “History” Essay

History is the study of the past, specifically how it relates to humans. It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians. Events occurring prior to written record are considered prehistory. History can also refer to the academic discipline which uses a narrative to examine and analyse a sequence of past events, and objectively determine the patterns of cause and effect that determine them. Historians sometimes debate the nature of history and its usefulness by discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing â€Å"perspective† on the problems of the present. Stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources are usually classified as cultural heritage or legends, because they do not support the â€Å"disinterested investigationâ₠¬  required of the discipline of history. Herodotus, a 5th-century BC Greek historian is considered within the Western tradition to be the â€Å"father of history†, and, along with his contemporary Thucydides, helped form the foundations for the modern study of human history. Their work continues to be read today and the divide between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In the Eastern tradition, a state chronicle the Spring and Autumn Annals was known to be compiled from as early as 722 BC although only 2nd century BC texts survived. Ancient influences have helped spawn variant interpretations of the nature of history which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. The modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and the study of certain topical or thematical elements of historical investigation. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary educat ion, and the academic study of history is a major discipline in University studies. Etymology Ancient Greek á ¼ ±ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¿Ã ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± means â€Å"inquiry†,†knowledge from inquiry†, or â€Å"judge†. It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in his . The ancestor word is attested early on in Homeric Hymns, Heraclitus, the Athenian ephebes’ oath, and in Boiotic inscriptions . The word entered the English language in 1390 with the meaning of â€Å"relation of incidents, story†. In Middle English,  the meaning was â€Å"story† in general. The restriction to the meaning â€Å"record of past events† arose in the late 15th century. It was still in the Greek sense that Francis Bacon used the term in the late 16th century, when he wrote about â€Å"Natural History†. For him, historia was â€Å"the knowledge of objects determined by space and time†, that sort of knowledge provided by memory . In an expression of the linguistic synthetic vs. analytic/isolating dichotomy, English like Chinese now designate s separate words for human history and storytelling in general. In modern German, French, and most Germanic and Romance languages, which are solidly synthetic and highly inflected, the same word is still used to mean both â€Å"history† and â€Å"story†. The adjective historical is attested from 1661, and historic from 1669. Historian in the sense of a â€Å"researcher of history† is attested from 1531. In all European languages, the substantive â€Å"history† is still used to mean both â€Å"what happened with men†, and â€Å"the scholarly study of the happened†, the latter sense sometimes distinguished with a capital letter, â€Å"History†, or the word historiography. The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the institutional production of this discourse. All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record. The task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the historian’s archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents . The study of history ha s sometimes been classified as part of the humanities and at other times as part of the social sciences. It can also be seen as a bridge between those two broad areas, incorporating methodologies from both. Some individual historians strongly support one or the other classification. In the 20th century, French historian Fernand Braudel revolutionized the study of history, by using such outside disciplines as economics, anthropology, and geography in the study of global history. Traditionally, historians have recorded events of the past, either in writing or by passing on an oral tradition, and have attempted to answer historical questions through the study of written documents and oral accounts. From the beginning, historians have also used such sources as monuments, inscriptions, and pictures. In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is written, what is  said, and what is physically preserved, and historians often consult all three. But writing is the marker that separates history from what comes before. Archaeology is a discipline that is especially helpful in dealing with buried sites and objects, which, once unearthed, contribute to the study of history. But archaeology rarely stands alone. It uses narrative sources to complement its discoveries. However, archaeology is constituted by a range of methodologies and approaches which are independent from history; that is to say, archaeology does not â€Å"fill the gaps† within textual sources. Indeed, â€Å"historical archaeology† is a specific branch of archaeology, often contrasting its conclusions against those of contemporary textual sources. For example, Mark Leone, the excavator and interpreter of historical Annapolis, Maryland, USA; has sought to understand the contradiction between textual documents and the material record, demonstrating the possession of slaves and the inequalities of wealth apparent via the study of the total historical environment, despite the ideology of â€Å"liberty† inherent in written documents at this time. There are varieties of ways in which history can be organized, including chronologically, culturally, territorially, and thematically. These divisions are not mutually exclusive, and significant overlaps are often present, as in â€Å"The International Women’s Movement in an Age of Transition, 1830–1975.† It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very gener al, although the modern trend has been toward specialization. The area called Big History resists this specialization, and searches for universal patterns or trends. History has often been studied with some practical or theoretical aim, but also may be studied out of simple intellectual curiosity. History and prehistory The history of the world is the memory of the past experience of Homo sapiens around the world, as that experience has been preserved, largely in written records. By â€Å"prehistory†, historians mean the recovery of knowledge of the past in an area where no written records exist, or where the writing of a culture is not understood. By studying painting, drawings, carvings, and other artifacts, some information can be recovered even in the absence of a written record. Since the 20th century, the study of prehistory is considered essential to avoid history’s implicit exclusion of certain  civilizations, such as those of Sub-Saharan Africa and pre-Columbian America. Historians in the West have been criticized for focusing disproportionately on the Western world. In 1961, British historian E. H. Carr wrote: This definition includes within the scope of history the strong interests of peoples, such as Australian Aboriginals and New Zealand MÄ ori in the past, and the ora l records maintained and transmitted to succeeding generations, even before their contact with European civilization. Historiography Historiography has a number of related meanings. Firstly, it can refer to how history has been produced: the story of the development of methodology and practices. Secondly, it can refer to what has been produced: a specific body of historical writing . Thirdly, it may refer to why history is produced: the Philosophy of history. As a meta-level analysis of descriptions of the past, this third conception can relate to the first two in that the analysis usually focuses on the narratives, interpretations, worldview, use of evidence, or method of presentation of other historians. Professional historians also debate the question of whether history can be taught as a single coherent narrative or a series of competing narratives. Philosophy of history Philosophy of history is a branch of philosophy concerning the eventual significance, if any, of human history. Furthermore, it speculates as to a possible teleological end to its development—that is, it asks if there is a design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the processes of human history. Philosophy of history should not be confused with historiography, which is the study of history as an academic discipline, and thus concerns its methods and practices, and its development as a discipline over time. Nor should philosophy of history be confused with the history of philosophy, which is the study of the development of philosophical ideas through time. Historical methods Cultural history Cultural history replaced social history as the dominant form in the 1980s and 1990s. It typically combines the approaches of anthropology and history  to look at language, popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past knowledge, customs, and arts of a group of people. How peoples constructed their memory of the past is a major topic. Cultural history includes the study of art in society as well is the study of images and human visual production. Diplomatic history Diplomatic history, sometimes referred to as â€Å"Rankin History† in honor of Leopold von Ranke, focuses on politics, politicians and other high rulers and views them as being the driving force of continuity and change in history. This type of political history is the study of the conduct of international relations between states or across state boundaries over time. This is the most common form of history and is often the classical and popular belief of what history should be. Economic history Although economic history has been well established since the late 19th century, in recent years academic studies have shifted more and more toward economics departments and away from traditional history departments. Environmental history Environmental history is a new field that emerged in the 1980s to look at the history of the environment, especially in the long run, and the impact of human activities upon it. World history World history is the study of major civilizations over the last 3000 years or so. World history is primarily a teaching field, rather than a research field. It gained popularity in the United States, Japan and other countries after the 1980s with the realization that students need a broader exposure to the world as globalization proceeds. It has led to highly controversial interpretations by Oswald Spengler and Arnold J. Toynbee, among others. The World History Association publishes the Journal of World History every quarter since 1990. The H-World discussion list serves as a network of communication among practitioners of world history, with discussions among scholars, announcements, syllabi, bibliographies and book reviews. People’s history A people’s history is a type of historical work which attempts to account for historical events from the perspective of common people. A people’s history is the history of the world that is the story of mass movements and of the outsiders. Individuals or groups not included in the past in other type of writing about history are the primary focus, which includes the disenfranchised, the oppressed, the poor, the nonconformists, and the otherwise forgotten people. This history also usually focuses on events occurring in the fullness of time, or when an overwhelming wave of smaller events cause certain developments to occur. Histomomity Histornomity is a historical study of human progress or individual personal characteristics, by using statistics to analyze references to eminent persons, their statements, behavior and discoveries in relatively neutral texts. Gender history Gender history is a sub-field of History and Gender studies, which looks at the past from the perspective of gender. It is in many ways, an outgrowth of women’s history. Despite its relatively short life, Gender History has had a rather significant effect on the general study of history. Since the 1960s, when the initially small field first achieved a measure of acceptance, it has gone through a number of different phases, each with its own challenges and outcomes. Although some of the changes to the study of history have been quite obvious, such as increased numbers of books on famous women or simply the admission of greater numbers of women into the historical profession, other influences are more subtle. Public history Public history describes the broad range of activities undertaken by people with some training in the discipline of history who are generally working outside of specialized academic settings. Public history practice has quite deep roots in the areas of historic preservation, archival science, oral history, museum curatorship, and other related fields. The term itself began to be used in the U.S. and Canada in the late 1970s, and the field has become increasingly professionalized since that time. Some of the most common settings for public history are museums, historic homes and historic sites, parks, battlefields, archives, film and television companies, and all  levels of government. Historians Professional and amateur historians discover, collect, organize, and present information about past events. In lists of historians, historians can be grouped by order of the historical period in which they were writing, which is not necessarily the same as the period in which they specialized. Chroniclers and analysts, though they are not historians in the true sense, are also frequently included. The judgments of history Since the 20th century, Western historians have disavowed the aspiration to provide the â€Å"judgments of history.† The goals of historical judgments or interpretations are separate to those of legal judgments, which need to be formulated quickly after the events and be final. A related issue to that of the judgments of history is that of collective memory. Pseudo-history Pseudo-history is a term applied to texts which purport to be historical in nature but which depart from standard historiographical conventions in a way which undermines their conclusions. Closely, related to deceptive historical revisionism. Works which draw controversial conclusions from new, speculative, or disputed historical evidence, particularly in the fields of national, political, military, and religious affairs, are often rejected as pseudo-history. Teaching history From the origins of national school systems in the 19th century, the teaching of history to promote national sentiment has been a high priority. In the United States after World War I, a strong movement emerged at the university level to teach courses in Western Civilization, so as to give students a common heritage with Europe. In the U.S. after 1980 attention increasingly moved toward teaching world history or requiring students to take courses in non-western cultures, to prepare students for life in a globalized economy. At the university level, historians debate the question of whether history belongs more to social science or to the humanities. Many view the field from both perspectives. The teaching of history in French schools was influenced by the Nouvelle histoire as disseminated after the 1960s by Cahiers pedagogies and Inveiglement and other journals for teachers. Also  influential was the Institute national de recherchà © et de documentation pedagogue. Joseph Leif, the Inspector-general of teacher training, said pupils children should learn about historians’ approaches as well as facts and dates. Louis Franà §ois, Dean of the History/Geography group in the Inspectorate of National Education advised that teachers should provide historic documents and promote â€Å"active methods† which would give pupils â€Å"the immense happiness of discovery.† Proponents said it was a reaction against the memorization of names and dates that characterized teaching and left the students bored. Traditionalists protested loudly it was a postmodern innovation that threatened to leave the youth ignorant of French patriotism and national identity. In most countries history textbook are tools to foster nationalism and patriotism, and give students the official line about national enemies. In many countries history textbooks are sponsored by the national government and are written to put the national heritage in the most favorable light. For example, in Japan, mention of the Nanking Massacre has been removed from textbooks and the entire World War II is given cursory treatment. Other countries have complained. It was standard policy in communist countries to present only a rigid Marxist historiography. Academic historians have often fought against the politicization of the textbooks, sometimes with success. In 21st-century Germany, the history curriculum is controlled by the 16 states, and is characterized not by super-patriotism but rather by an â€Å"almost pacifistic and deliberately unpatriotic undertone† and reflects â€Å"principles formulated by international organizations such as UNESCO or the Council of Europe, thus oriented towards human rights, democracy and peace.† The result is that â€Å"German textbooks usually downplay national pride and ambitions and aim to develop an understanding of citizenship centered on democracy, progress, human rights, peace, tolerance and European.†

Political Power in the Prince by Machiavelli Essay

Machiavelli argues in another major work that the purpose of politics is to promote a â€Å"common good.† How does this statement relate to the ideas Machiavelli presents in The Prince? The fact that two of Machiavelli’s greatest and most famous works on political power came into being thanks to the downfall of his own political career is quite ironic. More ironic however is the way he contradicts his statements in each book about the purpose of political power. As previously stated, one of Machiavelli’s major works, referring directly to The Discourses on Livy (1517), argues that the purpose of political power is to promote a â€Å"common good†. Meanwhile, The Prince presents a ruler less worried about the â€Å"common good† and more concerned about maintaining and expanding political power at all costs. â€Å"Laws make men good,† states Machiavelli in book one of the discourses, after a long explanation about how men created politics to create order. At first men searched for the strongest and bravest among them to mold him into a leader they could obey. Machiavelli then says: â€Å"From this beginning came recognition of what is proper and good, as opposed to what is pernicious and wicked.† However, as time went on, the people became harder to satisfy and politics became more complicated. New forms of government and laws were created in order to keep the people in order because as he states in The Discourses: â€Å"men will never be good, except by necessity†. Simple leaders became the tyrants he promotes in The Prince. They sought to be feared by their people in order to be obeyed and maintain power. In The Prince the leader is no longer the strongest and the bravest, but the prudent, more astute. The leader is one that can predict things such as treachery and conspiracy and end it before it can cause further problems in his government. The Prince discusses many ways for an astute leader to rule his state and maybe one or two of these promote the â€Å"common good† of the people, and it isn’t even actual common good. In The prince, the appearance of a common good is more important than having it as a reality. A ruler must appear to be honest and good but doesn’t necessarily have to be. I believe the relation between Machiavelli’s two texts on the purpose of political power is that one describes what politics were made to be while the other discusses what they have actually come to be and how to keep them that way. Instead of a â€Å"common good† it goes more along the lines of what is good for the ruler. While the statements contradict each other more than once, I believe the texts to be somewhat complementary in the sense that alone, they each give a different side or view of what politics actually are, while reading them both gives the reader an expanded, more complete understanding, not only on what politics are and how to maintain that political power, but also on why it has to be that way â€Å"for the good of the people.†

Complete Guide Criminal Law Research Paper

Complete Guide Criminal Law Research Paper Primary Principles of the Criminal Law Research Paper Writing a Criminal Law research paper is an obligatory assignment for plenty of students from various disciplines, such as Criminal Justice and Criminology, Paralegal Studies, Law Enforcement Administration, and International Crime Justice. Since criminal law is a set of behavior rules for citizens, you will be allowed to discuss some of them or present cases related to those rules. In general, with the help of this task, you will be able to expand your knowledge about a specific topic and improve your analytical and critical thinking skills. Besides, thanks to this paper, your professor will be able to check your understanding of the material. Since criminal law is one of the most compelling areas of the entire legal practice, you will be able to research a current issue and try to find your own solution to the matter. For this assignment, you may be asked to examine particular cases or even suggest your own solutions to the presented cases. Moreover, the research paper should also be based on the relevant legislation to support your points. As a result, the process of writing the Criminal Law research paper may be complicated and demanding for you since it requires a good understanding of the selected issue and basic knowledge of the entire criminal law. Most Popular Types of Research Papers Two major types of the research paper can be applied to this assignment, namely analytical and argumentative one. The central difference between these two types is the fact that each of them has specific requirements for both – the content and the topic. To receive a high mark, you have to follow those requirements strictly. Therefore, the following description of these two research paper types will help you to choose the most appropriate one. Analytical Research Paper. This type of research paper states a topic which should be explored. Generally, this topic is provided in the form of a question and takes a neutral stance. In this research paper, you need to merely state the research question and provide readers with the answer only at the end of the paper. The central goal of this paper is to suggest a well-supported critical analysis and present actual information without personal opinion. Hence, the main body of the research paper should contain multifaceted information and thorough analysis of critical points. For this type of research paper, you may explore whether the United States jury selection is always conducted fairly or investigate the probable motives behind a particular crime. As you can see, there are a lot of issues that can be analytically examined. Besides, it has to be mentioned that some common analytic designs can help you to create new ideas. Change Over Time; Hypothesis/Proof; Cause/Effect; Problem/Solution; Comparison/Contrast; Question/Answer. Argumentative Research Paper. For an argumentative type of research paper, you need to both – state the topic and provide readers with the position you will argue. You should include this information in your thesis statement which must be located at the end of the introductory paragraph. What is more, in this type of research paper, you should persuade readers to accept a particular side by presenting evidence, various suggestive devices, and sound reasoning. Besides, for this research type, you must choose a highly-debatable and even controversial topic to be able to discuss all possible sides. For instance, you can examine the effectiveness of the Witness Protection Program in different countries. How to Find a Perfect Topic to Talk About in Criminal Law Research Paper Your professor should provide you with the list of acceptable topics or indicate your topic in the paper instructions. However, it may happen that s/he will allow you to select the topic on your own. In this case, you have to take into consideration three aspects to choose the best topic. First of all, you need to consider what fields of criminal law you have better knowledge in since if you select the issue which is connected with unknown criminal law aspect, it will be difficult for you to discuss it properly. Second of all, the future topic should be relevant and not obsolete since you have to easily find a sufficient number of sources to provide readers with fact-based evidence to support your points. Third of all, it is better to choose a topic of your interest as it will encourage you to conduct in-depth research and search for new and interesting information. Furthermore, you have to create your topic carefully since not all of them can be suitable for the research paper in the field of Criminal Law. If you find choosing a topic too difficult, you may ask your professor for help. As a result, if you follow all those three aspects, you will be able to select a perfect topic. The following list of topics may help you to create your own. Juvenile Recidivism Causes of Victimization The Key Principles of Forensic Science The Relationship Between Aggression and Crime Is the Witness Protection Program Effective? Information Sources: the Secrets of Choosing the Right Ones Before writing your first draft of the Criminal Law research paper, you need to search for some information. In general, professors ask to visit various libraries to find reliable sources, but you may also utilize the Internet. However, you have to remember that not all websites are credible. For example, you have to pay special attention to the sites which end in .edu and .gov since different educational institutions and governments maintain them. Moreover, you should consider three types of sources that you can apply, namely – primary, secondary, and tertiary ones. Primary sources serve as a basis for different research papers, such as court records, constitutions, statutes and ordinances, and common law. Secondary sources are used to analyze or describe primary sources. This type of sources includes textbooks, encyclopedias, books and articles which synthesize, review or interpret the original fieldwork. The last type of sources is tertiary one. It locates and organizes primary and secondary sources, and therefore, indexes, abstracts, and databases related to this source type. Moreover, when you find an article or book which coincides with your chosen topic, you may scan its references to collect more sources. Apart from that, if you cannot find any reliable sources on the selected topic, you may pick another one as it is impossible to develop a well-supported research paper without credible sources. Prewriting Strategies and Criminal Law Research Paper Prewriting Tips from Our Experts When you finished the process of collecting sources for your Criminal Law research paper, you have to start writing the first draft of it. In the beginning, you can create an outline for your writing. With the help of it, you will be able to organize the paper and collect all primary arguments. However, if it is too complicated for you, you may complete some other pre-writing strategies, such as Brainstorming, Freewriting, and Clustering. Brainstorming is one of the most effective techniques which can help you to gather as many ideas as possible. The central goal of this activity is to write each idea which comes to your mind. For this technique, you can collect your points in the form of a list. The primary goal of the second pre-writing technique, which is called Freewriting, is to get ideas out of your head. You may think that it is the same as Brainstorming but it is not. For this strategy, you do not need to think and then write. Instead, you have to think and write simultaneously. Therefore, you have to write anything you like but never stop writing. One may state that Freewriting is the perfect activity for those who find it difficult to start writing since this exercise helps to warm up the brain. The last pre-writing technique which will be described is Clustering. This strategy will be effective for you if you have a great imagination since you should imagine the connections between arguments and link them t o the supporting points. Then, you need to put central arguments in circles and draw some lines which will symbolize the supporting ideas. Hence, with the help of this activity, you will be able to see how each idea is related to other ones. If you combine all of the strategies mentioned above, it will be much easier for you to create interesting content and organize the paper properly. Structure of the Criminal Law Research Paper To receive as many points as possible for your Criminal Law research paper you need to organize your paper thoroughly. Moreover, it will help readers to comprehend your arguments properly and not to lose the train of thought. The structure of the Criminal research paper consists of an Introductory paragraph, Main Body paragraphs, Concluding Paragraph, and Reference page. If a professor requires you to write the paper in APA style, you need to create a title page as well. The following paragraphs are going to describe each element of the Criminal Law research paper. Title Page This section of the paper has to be located on the first page. Generally, it contains the title of the paper, the student’s name, and the educational institution. Besides, at the top of the page, you have to create a running head which will include the title of the research paper. Your title should attract readers’ attention and never exceed the number of fifty-one characters or twelve words. Besides, the title should contain neither words which have no purpose nor any abbreviations. Introduction The introductory part of the research paper is of high significance, and therefore, you need to pay particular attention to writing one. First of all, you need to remember that this part consists of some background information, key arguments, and thesis statement. You must create a solid thesis statement to be able to support it with some arguments in the Main Body paragraphs. Besides, the thesis statement has to contain a research question which will be answered at the end of the paper. Furthermore, you are not allowed to insert any quotations or in-text citations. In general, this section should only introduce the topic to the readers, and consequently, it has to be short. Main Body This part of the research paper should contain at least two paragraphs since you have to provide readers with no less than two arguments. As you can see, you have to describe one point per paragraph. In contrast to the introduction and the conclusion, here you should you insert some quotations or in-text citations to support your point. If you use some of them, you must cite them properly to avoid plagiarism. There are many referencing styles, but the most common ones are APA and MLA. Hence, if the selected referencing style is MLA, your citation should look like this â€Å"(Smith 100),† while with APA referencing style, the citation has to look like this â€Å"(Smith, 2018)†. What is more, you can create or insert some charts to present some figures. To make your paper smoother, you need to use linking words, such as â€Å"moreover†, â€Å"although†, â€Å"furthermore†, â€Å"in addition to†, and â€Å"on the contrary†. Besides, you h ave to remember that the chosen linking word has to correspond to the context and not confuse readers. Conclusion The concluding paragraph has to summarize the entire paper and give the answer to the research question. However, in this section, you cannot add any new information and insert any quotations or in-text citations. As a consequence, the conclusion should resemble a brief version of the entire paper. Reference Page The reference page has to be located on the separate page at the end of the paper. You need to write the word â€Å"References† if you write in APA style or â€Å"† if you write in MLA style. One should claim that you have to include all the sources that you applied to your Criminal Law research paper. Each entry should be indented one-half inch. Besides, you need to locate your sources in alphabetical order. References Gibbs, D. (2018). Writing a Research Paper: Types of Research Papers. Library Guides, libguides.piedmont.edu/c.php?g=521348p=3564632. Lahl, A. (2008). A Guide to Prewriting Techniques. Student Learning Center, slc.berkeley.edu/you-start-writing-paper-guide-prewriting-techniques-0. Research Help: Types of Sources. (2018). LibGuides, libguides.merrimack.edu/research_help/Sources. Volokh, E., Kozinski, A. (2007). Academic Legal Writing: Law Review Articles, Student Notes, Seminar Papers, and Getting on Law Review. 3rd ed., Foundation Press. Wills, T. (2011). Tips for Writing a Research Paper. NMU Student Organizations, www.nmu.edu/writingcenter/tips-writing-research-paper.

7 Top Tips for Picking a Dissertation Title - Proofed

7 Top Tips for Picking a Dissertation Title - Proofed 7 Top Tips for Picking a Dissertation Title You only get once chance to make a first impression, so when writing a dissertation it helps if you pick a good title. And while the title of your paper won’t determine whether you pass or fail, the information you provide therein can make your work easier to follow for the reader. To make sure you set out on the right foot, the title of your dissertation should be clear and informative. It helps to think about what you want your reader to know from the moment they pick up your work (unlike a good novel, your dissertation doesn’t need a twist ending). So here are a few things to consider when picking a title for your dissertation. 1. What Is Your Research About? The most vital thing that any dissertation title can do is communicate the topic and focus of your research. This includes the general area you’re researching and the specific aspect of this being investigated. So in a dissertation called â€Å"Barriers to Using Social Media in Marketing a Luxury Fashion Brand,† the topic would be the marketing of luxury fashion brands and the focus would be the factors preventing the use of social media. 2. Your Research Approach The research approach you choose has a major impact on the results you achieve and it can help to include this in your title. For example, if you have conducted a large-scale survey of management strategy, you might pick a title such as â€Å"Management Strategy: A Quantitative Study of Current Practice.† 3. The Outcomes of Your Research The more specific the better, especially when it comes to the results of your research. Rather than calling your dissertation â€Å"Factors Influencing Recovery from Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries,† it makes sense to specify the kind of factors being investigated. Are they success factors? Factors which impede recovery? Stating this in the title means your reader will know immediately. If you include the information above, your dissertation title will be on the right track. But to get things perfect you should also keep the following tips in mind: 4. Clarity Seeking a second opinion can be helpful, so try asking a friend or professor to check your title for clarity. It is also advisable to avoid acronyms in titles for this reason. 5. Focus Overly long titles can be confusing or off-putting. Regardless of how good the work is, for instance, only the most dedicated are going to want to read a paper called â€Å"In silico exploration of the fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylation step in glycolysis: genomic evidence of the coexistence of an atypical ATP-dependent along with a PPi-dependent phosphofructokinase in Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii.† 6. Format Check your college’s style guide for how to format your title, as different institutions have different requirements when it comes to factors like capitalization. 7. Uniqueness and Humor Generally it is good if your title makes your dissertation stand out. It is also tempting to use a humorous title, though this is best saved for when writing for a popular audience. Neither uniqueness nor humor, however, should come at the expense of clarity and communicating important details about your work. Hopefully these tips will have helped you come to a decision over your dissertation title. But if not, then our expert proofreaders here at Proofed can let you know of any issues to do with clarity or accuracy in the title and headings of your dissertation, as well as providing a variety of services to ensure the quality of your work.

Persuasive message Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persuasive message - Essay Example I was aware that some of the stockholders were not receptive to my ideas, and some of the officials did not want me to be promoted. I made it a point to mention the names of those whom I perceived to be hostile in a patronizing sound, as if the ideas injected in my project were suggested by them. I was aware they had a high level of interest, I was able to cut to the chase quickly, and went directly to the key messages (na 2004). Object of Persuasion: The product we were trying to sell is a residential property under the real estate industry. The competition with the other real estate companies for the kind of market we wanted to monopolize was quite stiff, particularly in the area where I will be transferred, which was not performing well at that time. I proposed to lower the selling price, and to allocate additional budget for special incentives for the Account Consultants, a kind of motivation that is badly needed in that area. Argument: I presented a graph, that depicted the tren ds in the sales productivity when there were promotions and when no promotions were offered to the customers. I had to defend my proposal because it entailed additional cost on the part of the company, which they were not willing to accede to at the start.

Engineering design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Engineering design - Assignment Example This is a crucial step in the design process since it will give aguideof achieving the design’s goals. Questionnaires as a research methodology were chosen for this case. It emerged a suitable method because sufficiently large amount of information can be collected from a large group and within a short span of time as well as in a cost effective way. The data obtained from this method could also be easily and more scientifically analysed (Ketchent.et.al, 1996). To minimize any risk of harm to the user, it was decided that the kettle should have a shield just below the handle. This prevents any burns due to steam from boiling water/tea. In addition, all the electrical components should not be exposed nor get in contact with the water. The inside of the kettle will be made of thick plastic and the outside a coating of polished stainless steel. This ensures a good strength to avoid any physical damage. As stated, this kettle has two heatersthat may work independently, and this will increase the life of the coils. This mechanism consists of the initial starting ‘on’ ‘off’ switch and a thermostat controlled switching. Some old kettles do not have an automatic shut-off mechanism, which requires the user to switch it off when the water has boiled. After brainstorming and analysis of other various switching mechanisms, two possible switching designs were selected and they are outlined below. These concepts were chosen to meet the customers requirements as well as follow engineering specifications as outlined previously. This mechanism involves theuse of a bimetallic thermostat, which is integrated into the element unit usually at the bottom. It consists of a disc bonded together and areusually of two different metals where one expands faster than the other does. When the hot water reaches the boiling point, the produced steam hits this thermostat making it flex in theopposite direction thus disconnecting the contacts cutting off the electric current

U.S. History Civil War-Present Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

U.S. History Civil War-Present - Assignment Example U.S. agreed to these terms only if the governments in Eastern Europe would remain as independent entities and free from Soviet control (Banks, 2000). However, these were not the intentions Soviet Union had as they wanted total control and domination over these States. These disagreements led to the establishment of conflicts that eventually manifested to the bitter rivalry between the Soviets and the United States. Both nations tried to prevent what they believed were the expansion plans of each other (Banks, 2000). The Soviet Union had a communist world perspective while the U.S. had policies that viewed the world in a Capitalist perspective. This is in accordance with the first answer given by Otremi Tal. According to the answer given by Otremi Tal, Soviet Union was anti-democratic people whose system was based on the absence of freedom. The above statement is true as Soviet Unions were after total domination of European states. President Truman and Eisenhower initiated a programme in the federal government to root out potential communist (Banks, 2000). The statement further supports Burke Claire’s and Daniela Florin’s answers. They both established the Truman and the Eisenhower doctrines that aimed at abolishing communism. This direct approach used by the United States only further fuelled the rivalry between the two nations. The post-war period during the 1950s was an era of contrast. After the end of the great depression, Americans welcomed a consumer society, embracing traditional values and institutions. The end of World War II encouraged a consumer society. Since many nations got ravaged by the war, people started venturing into businesses to try and get back Americas economy to its feet (Banks, 2000). Big businesses dominated the global scene, number of jobs and wages increased, and people had financial security that they had not experienced in their life. Such

The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test Essay Example for Free

The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test Essay The chi-square goodness-of-fit test is used to analyze probabilities of multinomial distribution trials along a single dimension. For example, if the variable being studied is economic class with three possible outcomes of lower income class, middle income class, and upper income class, the single dimension is economic class and the three possible outcomes are the three classes. On each trial, one and only one of the outcomes can occur. In other words, a family unit must be classified either as lower income class, middle income class, or upper income class and cannot be in more than one class. The chi-square goodness-of-fit test compares the theoretical, frequencies of categories from a population distribution to the observed, or actual, frequencies from a distribution to determine whether there is a difference between what was expected and what was observed. For example, airline industry officials might theorize that the ages of airline ticket purchasers are distributed in a particular way. To validate or reject this expected distribution, an actual sample of ticket purchaser ages can be gathered randomly, and the observed results can be compared to the expected results with the chi-square goodness-of-fit test. This test also can be used to determine whether the observed arrivals at teller windows at a bank are Poisson distributed, as might be expected. In the paper industry, manufacturers can use the chi-square goodness-of-fit test to determine whether the demand for paper follows a uniform distribution throughout the year. Karl Pearson introduced the chi-square test in 1900. The chi-square distribution is the sum of the squares of k independent random variables and therefore can never be less than zero; it extends indefinitely in the positive direction. Actually the chi-square distributions constitute a family, with each distribution defined by the degrees of freedom (df) associated with it. For small df values the chi-square distribution is skewed considerably to the right (positive values). As the df increase, the chi-square distribution begins to approach the normal curve. The chi-square goodness-of-fit test is used to analyze the distribution of frequencies for categories of one variable, such as age or number of bank arrivals, to determine whether the distribution of these frequencies is the same as some hypothesized or expected distribution. However, the goodness-of-fit test cannot be used to analyze two variables simultaneously. A different chi-square test, the chi-square test of independence, can be used to analyze the frequencies of two variables with multiple categories to determine whether the two variables are independent. Many times this type of analysis is desirable. The chi-square test of independence can be used to analyze any level of data measurement, but it is particularly useful in analyzing nominal data. Suppose a business researcher is interested in determining whether geographic region is independent of type of financial investment.

Tangled: The Intersection of Commerce, Gender, and Genre Essay

In the 2010 film Tangled, a modern retelling of the Grimm Brothers’ story Rapunzel, Rapunzel pursues her dream of seeing the floating lights away from her hidden tower and escaping from her â€Å"evil mother† Gothel with the help of a young thief named Flynn Ryder. The film manages to navigate the tension between the traditional fairy-tale storytelling archetypes of the early Disney princess movie-musicals and a modern reinvention of these stereotypes in order to create a harmonious blend between the two. However, both â€Å"When Will my Life Begin?† and â€Å"I Have a Dream,† with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Glenn Slater, employ diverse musical references and techniques that nevertheless starkly challenge the construction of the typical Disney animated musical genre, and that mold musical conventions to be more marketable to a far-reaching audience. Does this movie actually mock the imperfections of its Disney princess predecessors, and if so, how does it commoditize this musical â€Å"affectionate parody† by appealing to the â€Å"younger, hipper† and even male crowd? I argue that â€Å"When will my life begin?† and â€Å"I’ve got a Dream† serve as examples of how Disney made Tangled into a hybrid of the earlier princess movie-musicals of the â€Å"Golden Age of Animation†(Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs [1937], Sleeping Beauty [1959]), the â€Å"Disney Renaissance† (The Little Mermaid [1989], Beauty and the Beast [1991]), and what it hoped to be a new, modern spin on the genre with its new leadership, its music, and its treatment of gender in order to be commercially successful. One thing that Tangled did demonstrate was the need for a modern reboot not only for Disney animated films, but to the â€Å"musical† genre as well. Some argue that as Disney enters into a ... ...table to boys, it still relied on its commonalities to other films to secure its place within the Disney legacy. Whether or not in Disney’s quest to be commercially successful, if the film was really able to be a storytelling and musical success. able to satirize the shortcomings of the princess movie-musical genre sound abandon Broadway style for tween-age pop song. Both songs establish roots in the formula derived from the earlier Walt Disney films and later Alan Menken musicals, yet neither are without their surprises, their own definitive appeal to a larger, updated audience. Works Cited 1. http://insidemovies.ew.com/2010/11/24/alan-menken-tangled/ 2. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/movies/21tangled.html?pagewanted=all 3. http://earnthis.net/2010/07/golden-age-1/ 4. http://screencrave.com/2010-02-12/disneys-rapunzel-is-renamed-tangled/